Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from corsica.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Fri, 30 Jun 89 03:17:45 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Fri, 30 Jun 89 03:17:36 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V9 #523 SPACE Digest Volume 9 : Issue 523 Today's Topics: NASA Prediction Bulletins Re: Vaguely-space-related queries ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 30 Jun 89 05:02:51 GMT From: agate!helios.ee.lbl.gov!ncis.tis.llnl.gov!blackbird!tkelso@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (TS Kelso) Subject: NASA Prediction Bulletins The most current orbital elements from the NASA Prediction Bulletins are carried on the Celestial RCP/M, (513) 427-0674, and are updated several times weekly. Documentation and tracking software are also available on this system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current of these elements are uploaded weekly to sci.space. This week's elements are provided below. The Celestial RCP/M may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, or 2400 baud using 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity. - Current NASA Prediction Bulletins #534 - Alouette 1 1 00424U 89170.38185254 0.00000411 48322-3 0 2126 2 00424 80.4642 283.6922 0024273 123.7629 236.5831 13.67157185333119 SOLRAD R/B 1 00727U 64001 A 89167.84095407 .00000252 00000-0 22296-3 0 2700 2 00727 69.9020 96.1821 0011530 100.0180 260.2251 13.93537401293043 Cos 185 R/B 1 03019U 67104 B 89168.26546722 .00007731 00000-0 51970-3 0 3703 2 03019 64.0572 115.3810 0223487 229.4069 128.7514 14.89272109105092 ATS 3 1 03029U 67111 A 89149.67299267 -.00000074 00000-0 99999-4 0 2320 2 03029 12.7202 24.3096 0015222 196.7828 163.1216 1.00272718 78954 Cosmos 398 1 04966U 71 16 A 89170.78087513 .00050886 00000-0 32889-3 0 7431 2 04966 51.5511 26.0078 2524830 216.2175 123.8343 10.51576830552660 LAGEOS 1 08820U 89176.39366642 0.00000004 0 7820 2 08820 109.8298 232.8911 0044840 314.2601 45.4506 6.38664061 51156 GOES 2 1 10061U 89172.75216214 -.00000014 0 2776 2 10061 7.1824 68.1071 0005211 174.8186 185.0060 1.00280224 5429 GPS-0001 1 10684U 89174.93694549 0.00000011 10000-3 0 1444 2 10684 63.5748 100.6328 0108139 198.9036 160.6953 2.00560459 68669 GPS-0002 1 10893U 89175.39471618 -.00000027 0 9954 2 10893 64.5469 341.4530 0153742 28.5320 332.3057 2.00556129 81494 GOES 3 1 10953U 78062 A 89163.82999455 .00000088 00000-0 99999-4 0 6777 2 10953 6.0412 70.8826 0008338 259.1647 100.5880 1.00263855 899 SeaSat 1 1 10967U 89174.36466744 0.00001755 66254-3 0 1313 2 10967 108.0114 300.3194 0003225 227.5342 132.5518 14.34673560574973 GPS-0003 1 11054U 89177.70209636 -.00000027 0 412 2 11054 64.1312 337.8911 0054067 119.2139 241.3185 2.00561559 78552 GPS-0004 1 11141U 89173.31637886 0.00000011 0 1686 2 11141 63.5532 100.5816 0057703 321.1605 38.4296 2.00572416 77165 NOAA 6 1 11416U 89174.09124855 0.00001510 65031-3 0 8652 2 11416 98.5066 170.9779 0013007 91.5653 268.7024 14.25828254518744 Solar Max 1 11703U 89174.49866269 0.00061929 91648-3 0 9998 2 11703 28.4980 234.5882 0003208 134.8640 225.0642 15.53865850520820 GPS-0006 1 11783U 89175.76627590 -.00000027 0 9204 2 11783 63.8728 337.5565 0143689 62.3189 299.1357 2.00568202 67150 GOES 5 1 12472U 89165.62230441 -.00000249 0 7360 2 12472 2.1442 85.5357 1339225 255.7898 88.3318 1.00210951 28564 SME 1 12887U 81100 A 89168.58387105 .00028161 00000-0 99346-3 0 2192 2 12887 97.6868 194.6380 0001370 194.4008 165.7202 15.29217444425216 UOSAT 1 1 12888U 89175.12060121 0.00109175 12095-2 0 6134 2 12888 97.5518 229.1842 0000824 112.6109 247.5087 15.62617469430070 Meteor 2-08 1 13113U 89175.08477021 0.00000338 29421-3 0 6506 2 13113 82.5383 53.2833 0016895 44.7365 315.5170 13.84010410366191 Salyut 7 1 13138U 89177.71251281 0.00016523 38435-3 0 6321 2 13138 51.6092 270.8078 0000851 64.8204 295.2642 15.42432618409662 LandSat 4 1 13367U 82 72 A 89170.62485542 .00002427 00000-0 54883-3 0 9930 2 13367 98.2122 234.2122 0002211 164.9973 195.1571 14.57107026368501 Meteor 2-09 1 13718U 89170.79326818 0.00000682 35315-3 0 7891 2 13718 81.2416 278.9935 0056805 352.9455 7.0918 14.13219976335924 IRAS 1 13777U 89174.53526875 0.00000198 16126-3 0 6505 2 13777 99.0420 11.5582 0012029 297.8893 62.1049 13.98603523327085 TDRS 1 1 13969U 83 26 B 89154.60178946 -.00000234 00000-0 99999-5 0 8028 2 13969 3.5055 67.7147 0002838 173.0308 187.3950 1.00270271 89261 GOES 6 1 14050U 83 41 A 89166.87202487 .00000121 00000-0 00000 0 0 9728 2 14050 1.2982 82.9172 0001846 88.1496 270.8602 1.00277658 6599 OSCAR 10 1 14129U 89174.42674285 0.00000053 0 4120 2 14129 26.1731 258.6318 6055703 52.9375 348.3573 2.05879393 17343 GPS-0008 1 14189U 89169.87120406 0.00000010 10000-3 0 6355 2 14189 63.1886 99.2955 0135661 215.6524 143.4219 2.00568941 43470 Meteor 2-10 1 14452U 89172.05787242 0.00001289 54900-3 0 7389 2 14452 81.1638 289.6711 0096443 85.4981 275.7223 14.22223210293090 LandSat 5 1 14780U 89176.97285423 -.00001353 -29551-3 0 8044 2 14780 98.1674 239.0521 0002497 184.0575 176.0696 14.57110071282847 UOSAT 2 1 14781U 89174.60656127 0.00002955 57613-3 0 4689 2 14781 98.0025 233.2168 0012230 307.1522 52.8563 14.63683629283482 LDEF 1 14898U 89174.11833612 0.00039948 64539-3 0 8850 2 14898 28.5025 134.9819 0001855 305.8613 54.1636 15.51460135292373 GPS-0009 1 15039U 89175.91314166 0.00000010 0 6771 2 15039 62.9244 98.3751 0014779 267.4019 92.3494 2.00564587 36879 Meteor 2-11 1 15099U 89174.96137015 -.00000371 -34086-3 0 9508 2 15099 82.5341 0.9872 0012145 215.1531 144.8876 13.83671224251054 GPS-0010 1 15271U 89175.81435724 -.00000027 0 6557 2 15271 63.3886 337.2836 0099960 320.8704 38.4151 2.00566298 33984 Cosmos 1602 1 15331U 89174.45937940 0.00003066 44295-3 0 445 2 15331 82.5331 332.6554 0026119 63.8561 296.5332 14.75694561255148 NOAA 9 1 15427U 89172.45713801 0.00000967 54856-3 0 3957 2 15427 99.1418 159.4808 0014677 304.9577 55.0214 14.12059355233053 Meteor 2-12 1 15516U 89174.82108467 0.00000384 33454-3 0 934 2 15516 82.5350 299.4827 0018197 94.8468 265.4798 13.84123123221979 Cosmos 1686 1 16095U 89177.90683155 -.00048171 -11065-2 0 2901 2 16095 51.6083 269.8597 0001822 281.7366 78.0448 15.42379272409699 GPS-0011 1 16129U 89167.49325344 0.00000010 0 3267 2 16129 63.7144 99.3006 0116902 150.0043 210.6569 2.00564271 27022 Meteor 3-1 1 16191U 89175.57673348 0.00000043 10000-3 0 8350 2 16191 82.5443 230.5113 0018292 282.8036 77.1062 13.16867709176490 Meteor 2-13 1 16408U 89175.55563457 0.00000283 24406-3 0 5075 2 16408 82.5352 213.7612 0014820 284.0796 75.8720 13.84184981176571 Mir 1 16609U 89177.72915167 0.00027378 39022-3 0 9098 2 16609 51.6223 315.9510 0010559 97.1794 263.0256 15.56043566192652 SPOT 1 1 16613U 89177.80969176 0.00000656 32641-3 0 5086 2 16613 98.7380 252.2195 0001826 119.4195 240.7153 14.20005906 13493 Meteor 2-14 1 16735U 89166.63717749 0.00000393 34467-3 0 3058 2 16735 82.5385 247.6750 0015551 20.7917 339.3892 13.83925664154249 Cosmos 1766 1 16881U 89176.60211944 0.00002245 32660-3 0 6463 2 16881 82.5237 30.2136 0024832 73.0264 287.3639 14.75331843156536 EGP 1 16908U 89177.20210717 0.00000472 36377-2 0 1381 2 16908 50.0100 270.3731 0011072 10.2279 349.8631 12.44380545130539 FO-12 1 16909U 89177.26246302 -.00000025 10000-3 0 1524 2 16909 50.0159 270.4283 0010754 8.6970 351.4053 12.44399976130537 NOAA 10 1 16969U 89175.04402541 0.00001102 50518-3 0 2393 2 16969 98.6351 205.4045 0012484 229.0797 130.9301 14.23061466144919 Meteor 2-15 1 17290U 89175.38681730 0.00000198 16884-3 0 2669 2 17290 82.4670 148.0103 0011431 242.2012 117.7993 13.83729851124616 MOS-1 1 17527U 87 18 A 89170.61589713 .00000751 00000-0 58423-3 0 1531 2 17527 99.1492 242.0521 0001309 81.0485 279.0925 13.94871258118713 GOES 7 1 17561U 89164.57217153 -.00000042 10000-3 0 2835 2 17561 0.0551 31.9488 0027390 160.8269 167.0421 1.00277938 1727 Kvant 1 17845U 89177.92182194 0.00040462 57203-3 0 7895 2 17845 51.6200 314.9820 0010317 96.7739 263.4521 15.56065488192688 RS-10/11 1 18129U 89177.00089940 0.00000363 38967-3 0 7965 2 18129 82.9251 231.6400 0012450 34.2801 325.9199 13.71987510100603 Cosmos 1867 1 18187U 87 60 A 89171.83135654 .00000264 00000-0 13844-3 0 8564 2 18187 65.0135 12.3407 0020163 257.7973 102.0832 14.29371419101645 Cosmos 1870 1 18225U 89177.70546934 0.00176856 16369-4 21874-3 0 1021 2 18225 71.8641 29.0990 0012341 229.7574 130.2361 16.07553339112825 Meteor 2-16 1 18312U 89175.06572756 0.00000218 18868-3 0 2866 2 18312 82.5632 214.0956 0012510 170.6934 189.4517 13.83485830 93469 Meteor 2-17 1 18820U 89174.96934957 0.00000415 36233-3 0 1272 2 18820 82.5432 275.1635 0015527 248.6900 111.2607 13.84174526 70627 AO-13 1 19216U 89147.06007421 0.00000137 10000-3 0 364 2 19216 57.2077 206.1830 6723768 204.7577 96.6993 2.09696457 7298 OKEAN 1 1 19274U 88 56 A 89170.96597658 .00002248 00000-0 33123-3 0 4075 2 19274 82.5167 134.0531 0021702 219.4778 140.4730 14.74818278 51499 Meteor 3-2 1 19336U 89174.95502099 0.00000391 10000-2 0 2077 2 19336 82.5398 170.8708 0019043 125.5081 234.7817 13.16852331 43809 NOAA 11 1 19531U 89174.30092468 0.00000949 54794-3 0 949 2 19531 98.9396 118.2863 0011197 212.9213 147.1259 14.11047542 38338 TDRS 3 1 19548U 88 91 B 89153.77764324 .00000129 00000-0 99999-4 0 261 2 19548 0.5410 85.9584 0002050 10.4654 263.5580 1.00263057 1649 GPS-0014 1 19802U 89 13 A 89165.50968165 .00000015 00000-0 99999-4 0 446 2 19802 55.1080 211.9148 0067914 156.7943 203.5995 2.00555799 2376 Meteor 2-18 1 19851U 89175.13685823 0.00000116 10000-3 0 497 2 19851 82.5225 153.7009 0012795 292.5258 67.4546 13.83808899 16042 TDRS 4 1 19883U 89 21 B 89155.42662356 -.00000217 00000-0 99999-4 0 183 2 19883 0.3388 66 .6627 0006172 45.3845 248.0141 1.00548638 95 Cosmos 2020 1 19986U 89167.00035284 0.00713491 34818-4 33909-3 0 650 2 19986 64.7730 355.9562 0129120 90.4929 271.2069 16.04503107 4755 1989 037A 1 20000U 89166.71735513 0.00273342 20071-4 19406-3 0 544 2 20000 69.9458 15.2671 0062488 74.7482 286.1528 16.11421323 3590 RESURS-F 1 20006U 89166.67758184 0.00125228 60541-5 17209-3 0 460 2 20006 82.2956 17.0495 0008737 226.6604 133.3319 16.06021047 3428 Cosmos 2022 1 20024U 89177.11500345 -.00000011 10000-3 0 334 2 20024 64.8199 50.9803 0002660 255.1304 104.9034 2.13102567 554 Cosmos 2023 1 20025U 89177.87773324 -.00000011 10000-3 0 304 2 20025 64.8396 50.9414 0013654 210.9683 149.0115 2.13102871 576 Cosmos 2024 1 20026U 89177.57226728 -.00000011 10000-3 0 280 2 20026 64.8306 50.9674 0009063 266.8491 93.1054 2.13204664 565 1989 034E 1 20028U 89168.63841789 -.00000011 10000-3 0 87 2 20028 64.8234 51.2765 0013798 319.7861 40.1741 2.13482901 322 SuperBird A 1 20040U 89176.80065555 -.00000100 10000-3 0 122 2 20040 0.0727 249.1889 0004136 200.9820 269.9242 1.00271583 168 1989 041B 1 20041U 89176.16878802 0.00000175 0 57 2 20041 0.0519 100.7665 0018737 274.8092 344.6654 1.00273050 142 1989 041C 1 20042U 89174.64702114 0.00029531 36306-2 0 161 2 20042 6.8072 41.9408 7290640 191.5603 132.0376 2.28779575 310 Cosmos 2026 1 20045U 89175.95852838 0.00000204 20132-3 0 323 2 20045 82.9397 348.7011 0038344 244.4344 115.2842 13.75018692 2447 1989 042B 1 20046U 89173.25000696 -.00005553 -56739-2 0 237 2 20046 82.9402 350.6834 0033958 248.7281 111.0257 13.76471090 2072 Molniya3-35 1 20052U 89177.84654917 0.00000232 -21967-2 0 260 2 20052 62.8528 101.7261 7376995 288.3203 9.3855 2.00614813 377 1989 043B 1 20053U 89177.57566668 0.01221372 38946-4 11671-2 0 318 2 20053 62.8055 36.6894 0130198 123.0980 238.2926 15.96160721 2821 1989 043C 1 20054U 89177.57297641 0.01097276 37698-4 10854-2 0 332 2 20054 62.8140 37.7207 0189879 119.3101 242.5121 15.83925354 2811 1989 043D 1 20055U 89175.07365879 -.00001083 -10262-1 0 94 2 20055 62.7740 102.2180 7430842 288.1683 9.5465 1.95997089 307 GPS-0013 1 20061U 89177.18867261 -.00000029 0 159 2 20061 54.5794 30.3149 0045762 166.8648 193.3047 2.01614288 355 1989 044B 1 20062U 89177.57606627 0.01611026 -19689-4 12077-2 0 345 2 20062 30.3160 279.5069 0373860 185.8067 173.8802 15.45826519 1214 1989 044C 1 20063U 89175.79623067 0.00144592 16618-4 22196-2 0 221 2 20063 37.5873 17.7257 6033545 210.2266 94.3269 4.08732212 596 1989 045A 1 20064U 89172.73417751 0.00005352 23335-3 0 99 2 20064 65.8375 49.1097 0023953 344.9857 16.0992 15.22926474 1101 1989 045B 1 20065U 89172.20200486 0.00006934 28590-3 0 159 2 20065 65.8419 50.7366 0029707 352.7151 7.3551 15.24399900 1020 Cosmos 2028 1 20073U 89177.70934384 0.00105062 88438-5 12199-3 0 224 2 20073 69.9925 58.9330 0043472 78.6039 282.0136 16.06688046 1665 1989 047B 1 20074U 89171.95493335 0.22683705 21508-4 27768-3 0 201 2 20074 69.9775 75.8690 0009597 31.4079 329.3441 16.49307108 743 1989 048A 1 20083U 89176.82055309 0.00000039 10000-3 0 93 2 20083 1.5051 274.4868 0009882 101.5605 249.6760 0.98882502 41 -- Dr TS Kelso Asst Professor of Space Operations tkelso@blackbird.afit.af.mil Air Force Institute of Technology ------------------------------ Date: 27 Jun 89 06:53:59 GMT From: palmer@tybalt.caltech.edu (David Palmer) Subject: Re: Vaguely-space-related queries In article wmartin@ST-LOUIS-EMH2.ARMY.MIL (Will Martin) writes: >There are several questions that have arisen in my mind based on postings in >the Space list over the past, and I solicit answers, comments, or explanations >from those out there who know about such things. They aren't specifically >and uniquely space-related, but the topics have all been mentioned here from >time to time: > >1) Regarding X-ray astronomy -- the X-ray detectors must be placed into space, >either into orbit or on brief sounding-rocket flights, because the X-rays are For hard X-rays (>~10keV) and gamma-rays you can also use balloon-borne instruments. The balloons are ~150 meters in diameter, 10-70 million cubic feet in volume, and go up to 120-140 thousand feet in altitude, where there are only a few grams/square cm of atmosphere above it. They stay up for a day or so (or for over a week in some cases), carry a payload of up to a tonne, and cost about 0.001 as much as a shuttle to launch. Sorry about the mixed units. >absorbed by the atmosphere and do not reach the surface. I accept that this is >*a good thing*, otherwise we probably never would have evolved past some sort >of radiation-hardened and -resistant lichen or the like... :-) But WHY are >X-rays absorbed by the atmosphere when they can penetrate materials that are >opaque to visible light? If light can get through the atmosphere and hit >the surface, one would expect X-rays to have even greater penetrating >ability. The answer is probably simple, but it is something I never happened >to run across in my reading, and I don't have the physics training to have >learned it in the past. Good question, the trick is not that air is unusually impervious to x-rays, the trick is that it is unusually transparent to visible light. Photons (e.g. light particles and x-ray particles, both the same thing but with different energies) interact with charged particles (typically electrons) by transferring energy and momentum. For electrons in atoms, this usually requires a certain amount of energy (because an atom's electron can only take on certain energy values), which, for most of the atoms in air, most visible photons do not have. For opaque solids, the electrons usually have more freedom so they can affect even low-energy visible photons. X-rays are high-enough in energy that many of the electrons in any given atom can interact with them. This makes the air much more opaque to x-rays than to visible photons. Our atmosphere is about as thick, to x-rays, as a few feet of lead. > >2) Regarding elementary particles -- one of their characteristics is called >"spin". Is this REALLY "spin" the way a top or gyroscope spins -- that is, >the particle is actually physically rotating in space? Or is it a term that >is convenient and used to describe a quality of the particle, like "charm". >"color", and "strangeness", which does NOT correspond with anything in >normal human experience? Spin IS angular momentum. If you sit on a turntable with an electron in your hand, and turn it over, you will start turning. (This is very much a Gedanken experiment, so don't write saying that it won't work, the idea is the important thing.) > >(If "spin" really means that the particle is rotating, what happens when >you squeeze it between other particles? Does "friction" exist at the >subatomic level, and can you slow down the rotation? I thought "spin" existed >only in quantized units, so a particle has "spin" of 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2, etc. >[Or something like that.] Anyway, if you slowed the spin of a particle down >*slightly*, it would no longer have an exact multiple. Does the particle then >vanish in a *poof* of quarks or does the universe come to an end or what? :-) Spin does not mean that the particle is turning around and around, (the 'orbit' of an electron in an atom also does not go around and around, but that is a digression.) You can't slow the spin of a particle *slightly*, only in integral units. > >3) The 11-year (or so) Solar Cycle -- I realize the duration of this cycle >varies, and the one we are in now seems to be a mite shorter than normal. >Do we know what causes this cycling? Is it some sort of resonance effect >from vibrations or "ringing" of the sun? (Like standing waves?) Or is >the mechanism behind these variations unknown? The 22-year cycle (The number of sunspots is proportional to the absolute value of something roughly sinusoidal, so it peaks twice per cycle) is due to the sun's magnetic field winding up, geting tangled and then unwinding, all the the same direction (which the tangling makes possible.) This is not my field, so probably someone else should provide more details. > >4) Black hole temperature -- Are medium-sized black holes hot or cold? I have >read that small black holes would be very hot, putting out radiation, due to >the Hawking Effect and the tunnelling of particles through the event >horizon and the business of pairs of virtual particles being formed out >of the vacuum right by the event horizon, and one of the pair maybe being >sucked inside the hole, leaving the unmatched other particle to come out >as radiation. At some size, does this stop and the black hole become >very cold, being an infinite energy sink? [The main problem with a >black-hole-powered refrigerator is carrying it up the stairs... :-) ] "I have answered three questions, and that is enough" Said his father, "Don't give yourself airs! Do you think I can listen all day to this stuff? Be off, or I'll kick you down-stairs." -Alice David Palmer palmer@tybalt.caltech.edu ...rutgers!cit-vax!tybalt.caltech.edu!palmer "Only 10% of the 4000 mile long coastline was affected." -Exxon's version of the oil spill as reported to stockholders ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V9 #523 *******************